AI, Power, and Responsibility: Understanding the Stakes in a Changing World

 

The Rt Hon Geoffrey Hoon, Former UK Secretary of State for Defence

It’s a privilege to be here[2] with defense professionals, technologists, scholars, and strategic thinkers—each committed to shaping a secure and resilient global future. I extend my sincere thanks to Professor Anis H. Bajrektarevic, to IFIMES, and to the Global Academy for the Geo-Politico-Technological Futures for organizing this vital series of discussion on artificial intelligence and robotics—topics that increasingly defines the trajectory of our global civilisation: the understanding—and the implications—of Artificial Intelligence.

Having spent the better part of my career immersed in questions of national defence, strategy, and governance, I have often been confronted with new technologies that force us to recalibrate both our expectations and our responsibilities. From the Cold War's nuclear stand-off to today’s digital battlefield, each generation faces its own version of transformative risk. In our time, that risk—and that promise—carries a name: Artificial Intelligence.
 

I. The Strategic Importance of Understanding AI

When I first entered public service, technology was already beginning to reshape military doctrine. Precision weaponry, network-centric warfare, unmanned systems—these were harbingers of a revolution in defence affairs. But Artificial Intelligence is different. It is not merely another instrument in our arsenal; it is a force multiplier, a decision-maker, and potentially, a policy-shaper in its own right.

AI systems can now interpret satellite images with greater accuracy than human analysts. They can autonomously monitor cyber threats, control drone swarms, and conduct real-time logistics coordination with minimal human oversight. In the future, they may be entrusted with decisions that bear lethal consequences. The strategic implications are profound, and they extend well beyond the battlefield.

But AI is not limited to defence. It is woven into our healthcare systems, financial institutions, transport networks, and increasingly, our democratic processes. In short, the domain of AI is the domain of governance itself.

During my time in the UK Parliament, particularly as Secretary of State for Defence from 1999 to 2005, I had the responsibility of overseeing some of the nation's most significant investments in military research and emerging technologies. I worked closely with our scientific communities, defence contractors, and NATO partners to integrate innovation into national security policy. Even then, we saw the early seeds of what AI could become—tools that could enhance decision-making, protect lives, and redefine modern warfare. Today, that frontier has expanded dramatically, making it even more vital that we understand the forces now shaping our world.
 

II. The Necessity of Ethical and Democratic Oversight

Let me be blunt: technology does not arrive with a built-in moral compass. AI is created by people—trained on data often riddled with bias, shaped by the commercial priorities of powerful companies, and deployed in contexts where transparency is elusive.

This demands rigorous ethical scrutiny. What are the principles that should guide the development and deployment of AI? Who decides when an AI system is sufficiently trustworthy to make decisions about a person’s freedom, livelihood, or security? These are not questions for engineers alone. They require the active engagement of policymakers, ethicists, civil society, and above all—citizens.

As a former Defence Secretary, I know that in moments of crisis, decisions are made at pace. But speed must never come at the expense of accountability. Any military or governmental use of AI must be embedded in clear lines of democratic control, oversight, and public legitimacy.
 

III. The Geopolitical Landscape

We must also view AI through the lens of geopolitics. The global race to develop and dominate AI is often framed as a contest between great powers. The United States and China are investing vast sums into AI research, with Europe seeking to carve out a third way—one rooted in human rights, privacy, and regulatory rigor.

This is not just a technological competition; it is a clash of values. If we believe in democracy, in individual liberty, and in the rule of law, we must build AI systems that reflect and reinforce those values. That means resisting the temptation to adopt opaque surveillance models in the name of efficiency or control.

It also means forging international agreements to prevent the weaponisation of AI in ways that could destabilise global security. Just as we established treaties around nuclear arms, we must now consider similar frameworks for autonomous weapons, algorithmic warfare, and the misuse of AI in hybrid or information conflicts.
 

IV. AI and the Future of Work

Of course, the AI revolution will not remain confined to governments or tech giants. It is already changing the way ordinary people live and work. Some fear that AI will replace jobs wholesale—drivers, accountants, even journalists. And there is truth in that concern. But we should not be paralysed by fear.

Instead, we must invest in education and retraining, so that the workforce of the future is equipped to work alongside AI—not be displaced by it. If AI can automate tedious tasks, then human beings can focus on what we do best: creative thinking, empathy, leadership, and moral judgment.

But this transition must be managed. Governments have a duty to anticipate the social impact of AI and to cushion the blow for those who may be left behind. A just transition, not an abrupt upheaval, is the imperative of our time.
 

V. A Call to Informed Citizenship

Ultimately, the “Understanding of AI” must be a societal project. It is not enough for a handful of experts or regulators to understand these systems. Every citizen deserves to know how decisions that affect them are being made. Every student should learn not just how to use AI, but how it works—and why that matters.

This is why this programme is so important. By fostering public literacy in AI, we strengthen the democratic foundations of our society. We make ourselves more resilient to manipulation, to inequality, to authoritarian misuse.

In the years ahead, we will need more than innovation. We will need wisdom—collective wisdom. We will need leadership that understands that the choices we make now will echo for generations. And we will need vigilance. Because the stakes are high.
 

Conclusion

Let me close with a reflection. When I served in government, we faced threats that were visible, tangible, and in some cases, predictable. AI is different. It is diffuse, embedded in code, and often acts invisibly. But its effects will be anything but hidden.

As I explore in more detail in my recent book, See How They Run, leadership today demands both foresight and humility. We have a choice. We can treat AI as an opaque force that simply happens to us. Or we can understand it, shape it, and guide it in accordance with our deepest values. 

Let this be the moment we choose understanding over ignorance, governance over chaos, and humanity over hubris.

Footnotes:
[1] IFIMES - International Institute for Middle East and Balkan Studies, based in Ljubljana, Slovenia, has a special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council ECOSOC/UN in New York since 2018, and it is the publisher of the international scientific journal "European Perspectives."

[2] This article presents the Opening Address, delivered by the Rt Hon Geoffrey Hoon, former UK Secretary of State for Defence, at the session: "Understanding AI and Robotics" Global Academy for the Geo-Politico-Technological Futures (GPTF), Session IV, 12 June 2025. The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect IFIMES official position.
 

• Link (ENG): Research ● The Rt Hon Geoffrey Hoon AI, Power, and Responsibility: Understanding the Stakes in a Changing World https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/ai-power-and-responsibility-understanding-the-stakes-in-a-changing-world/5530?

 

• Link (BSH): Istraživanje ● Geoffrey Hoon:  Vještačka inteligencija, moć i odgovornost: Razumijevanje rizika u svijetu koji se mijenja https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/vjestacka-inteligencija-moc-i-odgovornost-razumijevanje-rizika-u-svijetu-koji-se-mijenja/5531?

 

• Link (SLO): Raziskava ● Geoffrey Hoon:Umetna inteligenca, moč in odgovornost: razumevanje tveganj v spreminjajočem se svetu https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/umetna-inteligenca-moc-in-odgovornost-razumevanje-tveganj-v-spreminjajocem-se-svetu/5532?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Ebrahim Rezaei Rad: Diversifying Europe's Gas Supply: The Geopolitical Stakes of the Trans-Caspian Pipeline https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/diversifying-europes-gas-supply-the-geopolitical-stakes-of-the-trans-caspian-pipeline/5528?

 

• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Ebrahim Rezaei Rad:Diverzifikacija snabdijevanja plinom u Evropi: Geopolitički ulozi Transkaspijskog plinovoda https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/diverzifikacija-snabdijevanja-plinom-u-evropi-geopoliticki-ulozi-transkaspijskog-plinovoda/5529?

 

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• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Dr. J. Scott Younger: Nepredvidljiv svijet https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/nepredvidljiv-svijet/5526?

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Dr. J. Scott Younger: Nepredvidljiv svet https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/nepredvidljiv-svet/5527?

 

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• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Parlamentarna skupština NATO 2025: Jasne poruke iz Daytona za politička rukovodstva Zapadnog Balkana: Teritorijalni integritet i suverenitet Bosne i Hercegovine neupitan https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/parlamentarna-skupstina-nato-2025-jasne-poruke-iz-daytona-za-politicka-rukovodstva-zapadnog-balkana-teritorijalni-integritet-i-suverenitet-bosne-i-hercegovine-neupitan/5522?

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Parlamentarna skupščina Nata 2025: Jasna sporočila iz Daytona za politične voditelje Zahodnega Balkana: Ozemeljska celovitost in suverenost Bosne in Hercegovine nedvomni https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/parlamentarna-skupscina-nata-2025-jasna-sporocila-iz-daytona-za-politicne-voditelje-zahodnega-balkana-ozemeljska-celovitost-in-suverenost-bosne-in-hercegovine-nedvomni/5523?

 

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• Link (ENG): Invitation to Global Interdisciplinary Online Course: Understanding AI and Robotics, and its multidimensional implications for the public and private sector, 22 May 2025 at 12.00 15.00 h (GTM) https://www.ifimes.org/en/events/invitation-to-global-interdisciplinary-online-course-understanding-ai-and-robotics-and-its-multidimensional-implications-for-the-public-and-private-sector-22-may-2025-at-1200-1500-h-gtm/5513?

 

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• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Nathan Coyle: Pomjeranje izvan globalnog sjevera: Podaci koji pokreću umjetnu inteligenciju nisu prikladni za svoju svrhu – Uloga OSCE-a u promoviranju humanistički usmjerenog djelovanja i snažnih okvira zajednice izvan njegove mreže https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/pomjeranje-izvan-globalnog-sjevera-podaci-koji-pokrecu-umjetnu-inteligenciju-nisu-prikladni-za-svoju-svrhu-uloga-osce-a-u-promoviranju-humanisticki-usmjerenog-djelovanja-i-snaznih-okvira-zajednice-izvan-njegove-mreze/5511?

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Nathan Coyle: Premik onkraj globalnega severa: Podatki, ki poganjajo umetno inteligenco, ne ustrezajo svojemu namenu– vloga OVSE pri spodbujanju ozaveščanja, osredotočenega na človeka, in močnih okvirov skupnosti zunaj njenega omrežja https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/premik-onkraj-globalnega-severa-podatki-ki-poganjajo-umetno-inteligenco-ne-ustrezajo-svojemu-namenu-vloga-ovse-pri-spodbujanju-ozavescanja-osredotocenega-na-cloveka-in-mocnih-okvirov-skupnosti-zunaj-njenega-omrezja/5512?

 

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• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Parlamentarni izbori Albaniji 2025: Posljednja šansa da Albanija postane 'normalna država' https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/parlamentarni-izbori-albaniji-2025-posljednja-sansa-da-albanija-postane-normalna-drzava/5507?

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Parlamentarne volitve v Albaniji 2025: Zadnja priložnost, da Albanija postane 'normalna država' https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/parlamentarne-volitve-v-albaniji-2025-zadnja-priloznost-da-albanija-postane-normalna-drzava/5509?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Bosnia and Herzegovina 2025: Plenković’s Undermining of Fragile Peace in the Western Balkans? https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/bosnia-and-herzegovina-2025-plenkovics-undermining-of-fragile-peace-in-the-western-balkans/5506?

 

• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Bosna i Hercegovina 2025: Plenkovićevo podrivanje krhkog mira na Zapadnom Balkanu? https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/bosna-i-hercegovina-2025-plenkovicevo-podrivanje-krhkog-mira-na-zapadnom-balkanu/5504?

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Bosna in Hercegovina 2025: Plenkovićevo spodkopavanje krhkega miru na Zahodnem Balkanu? https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/bosna-in-hercegovina-2025-plenkovicevo-spodkopavanje-krhkega-miru-na-zahodnem-balkanu/5505?

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Dr. Harvey Dzodin: Boj proti dezinformacijam, ki jih poganja umetna inteligenca: model nagrajevanja za izboljšanje državljanske angažiranosti in integritete volitev https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/boj-proti-dezinformacijam-ki-jih-poganja-umetna-inteligenca-model-nagrajevanja-za-izboljsanje-drzavljanske-angaziranosti-in-integritete-volitev/5503?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis  ● Dr. Harvey Dzodin: Combating AI-Driven Disinformation: Reward-Based Model for Enhancing Civic Engagement and Election Integrity https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/combating-ai-driven-disinformation-reward-based-model-for-enhancing-civic-engagement-and-election-integrity/5501?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Media Freedom at a new Crossroads? A Shared Responsibility in the Digital Age https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/media-freedom-at-a-new-crossroads-a-shared-responsibility-in-the-digital-age/5498?

 

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• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Svoboda medijev na novem razpotju? Skupna odgovornost v digitalni dobi https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/svoboda-medijev-na-novem-razpotju-skupna-odgovornost-v-digitalni-dobi/5500?

 

• Link (ENG): Research ● Prof. Dr. Anis H. Bajrektarevic: The single biggest threat to Europe’s security still not (adequately) tackled by the OSCE https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/the-single-biggest-treat-to-europes-security-still-not-adequately-tackled-by-the-osce/5497?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Dr. Cătălin Balog: Romania 2025: On political ideology: from transition to travesty https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/on-political-ideology-from-transition-to-travesty/5495?

 

• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Dr. Cătălin Balog: Rumunija 2025: O političkoj ideologiji: od tranzicije do travestije https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/rumunija-2025-o-politickoj-ideologiji-od-tranzicije-do-travestije/5496?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Türkiye 2025: Türkiye’s political future following the arrest of İmamoğlu https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/turkiye-2025-turkiyes-political-future-following-the-arrest-of-imamoglu/5492?

 

• Link (BSH: Analiza ● Turska 2025: Politička budućnost Turske nakon hapšenja İmamoğlua https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/turska-2025-politicka-buducnost-turske-nakon-hapsenja-imamoglua/5493?

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Turčija 2025: Politična prihodnost Turčije po aretaciji İmamoğluja https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/turcija-2025-politicna-prihodnost-turcije-po-aretaciji-imamogluja/5494?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Prof. Dr. Masahiro Matsumura: Why truce talks now? The significance of the Trump revolution https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/why-truce-talks-now-the-significance-of-the-trump-revolution/5480

 

• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Prof. Dr. Masahiro Matsumura: Zašto pregovori o primirju sada? Značaj Trumpove revolucije https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/zasto-pregovori-o-primirju-sada-znacaj-trumpove-revolucije/5491?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Serbia 2025: Quo vadis, Serbia? https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/serbia-2025-quo-vadis-serbia/5489?

 

• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Srbija 2025: Quo vadis, Srbija? https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/srbija-2025-quo-vadis-srbija/5488

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Srbija 2025: Quo vadis, Srbija?  https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/srbija-2025-quo-vadis-srbija/5490?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Dr. Philipe Reinisch: AI, Community Trust, and the Future of Security: A Call to Action https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/ai-community-trust-and-the-future-of-security-a-call-to-action/5487?

 

• Link (ENG): Press release: IFIMES at the OSCE Summit: IFIMES calls on OSCE member states for the dignity of all migrants, while inviting all to consider the most pressing Europe’s issue: Demographic renewal https://www.ifimes.org/en/press-releases/ifimes-at-the-osce-summit-ifimes-calls-on-osce-member-states-for-the-dignity-of-all-migrants-while-inviting-all-to-consider-the-most-pressing-europes-issue-demographic-renewal/5484?

 

• Link (BSH): Saopćenje za javnost: IFIMES na samitu OSCE-a: IFIMES poziva zemlje članice OSCE-a na dostojanstvo svih migranata, pozivajući sve da razmotre najhitnije evropsko pitanje: demografsku obnovu https://www.ifimes.org/ba/saopstenja-za-javnost/ifimes-na-samitu-osce-a-ifimes-poziva-zemlje-clanice-osce-a-na-dostojanstvo-svih-migranata-pozivajuci-sve-da-razmotre-najhitnije-evropsko-pitanje-demografsku-obnovu/5485?

 

• Link (SLO): Sporočilo za javnost: IFIMES na vrhu OVSE: IFIMES države članice OVSE poziva k dostojanstvu do vseh migrantov, hkrati pa vse vabi k razmisleku o najbolj perečem evropskem vprašanju: demografski prenovi https://www.ifimes.org/sl/sporocila-za-javnost/ifimes-na-vrhu-ovse-ifimes-drzave-clanice-ovse-poziva-k-dostojanstvu-do-vseh-migrantov-hkrati-pa-vse-vabi-k-razmisleku-o-najbolj-perecem-evropskem-vprasanju-demografski-prenovi/5486?

 

• Link (ENG): Press release ● IFIMES in New York: 80 years and Beyond: Action for a sustainable future https://www.ifimes.org/en/press-releases/ifimes-in-new-york-80-years-and-beyond-action-for-a-sustainable-future/5481?

 

• Link (BSH): Saopštenje za javnost ● IFIMES u New Yorku: 80 godina i dalje: Mjere za održivu budućnost https://www.ifimes.org/ba/saopstenja-za-javnost/ifimes-u-new-yorku-80-godina-i-dalje-mjere-za-odrzivu-buducnost/5482?

 

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• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Dr. Phar Kim Beng: Prava šansa Evrope je OSCE https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/prava-sansa-evrope-je-osce/5471?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Bosnia and Herzegovina 2025: Two US plans for the Balkans and BiH at odds with expansionist concepts? https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/bosnia-and-herzegovina-2025-two-us-plans-for-the-balkans-and-bih-at-odds-with-expansionist-concepts/5464?

 

• Link (BSH): Analiza ● Bosna i Hercegovina 2025: Dva američka plana za Balkan i BiH ne podudaraju se s velikodržavnim konceptima? https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/bosna-i-hercegovina-2025-dva-americka-plana-za-balkan-i-bih-ne-podudaraju-se-s-velikodrzavnim-konceptima/5465?

 

• Link (SLO): Analiza ● Bosna in Hercegovina 2025: Dva ameriška načrta za Balkan in Bosno in Hercegovino se ne ujemata z velikodržavnimi koncepti? https://www.ifimes.org/sl/raziskave/bosna-in-hercegovina-2025-dva-ameriska-nacrta-za-balkan-in-bosno-in-hercegovino-se-ne-ujemata-z-velikodrzavnimi-koncepti/5466?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● Dr. J. Scott Younger: Unpredictable days ahead https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/unpredictable-days-ahead/5462?

 

• Link (BSH): Izlaganje ● Akademik prof. dr. Mirko Pejanović: Značaj Dana nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine za razvoj njene državnosti u 21. stoljeću https://www.ifimes.org/ba/istrazivanja/znacaj-dana-nezavisnosti-bosne-i-hercegovine-za-razvoj-njene-drzavnosti-u-21-stoljecu/5461?

 

• Link (ENG): Press release ● The United States and Russia – guarantors of energy stability and peace in the 21st century https://www.ifimes.org/en/press-releases/the-united-states-and-russia-guarantors-of-energy-stability-and-peace-in-the-21st-century/5458?

 

• Link (BSH): Saopštenje za javnost: Sjedinjene države i Rusija – garanti energetske stabilnosti i mira u 21. veku https://www.ifimes.org/ba/saopstenja-za-javnost/sjedinjene-drzave-i-rusija-garanti-energetske-stabilnosti-i-mira-u-21-veku/5459?

 

• Link (SLO): Sporočilo za javnost: ZDA in Rusija – garanti energetske stabilnosti in miru v 21. stoletju https://www.ifimes.org/sl/sporocila-za-javnost/zda-in-rusija-garanti-energetske-stabilnosti-in-miru-v-21-stoletju/5460?

 

• Link: (ENG): Analysis ● Birgitta Dresp-Langley: Digital Technologies and Mental Health https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/digital-technologies-and-mental-health/5457?

 

• Link (ENG): Analysis ● General (Rtd) Corneliu Pivariu: Syria – a larger Lebanon or a signal for major geopolitical changes in 2025? https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-a-larger-lebanon-or-a-signal-for-major-geopolitical-changes-in-2025/5456?

 

• Link (ENG): https://www.europeanperspectives.org/en International scientific journal "European Perspectives"

 

• Link (ENG): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=645V9eryieI&t=5s IFIMES presentation film

  

IFIMES – International Institute for Middle East and Balkan Studies