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How Albania’s Deep Democratic Crisis Took Root: April 21, 2008, Still Shapes Today

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W hat Albania is experiencing today is not merely a crisis of government. It is a crisis of a political system that, for years, has worked to concentrate power, restrict political competition, and distance citizens from decision-making. The roots of this crisis can be traced, in significant part, to 21 April 2008[ 2 ], when constitutional amendments adopted at the eleventh hour fundamentally altered the architecture of political representation in Albania. That day, it was not merely a matter of changing a few articles of the Constitution. The rules of the political game were changed. And when those who hold power are also in a position to rewrite the rules governing its exercise, the first question must be straightforward: who gained more power, and who lost the ability to hold that power in check? The answer leads us to a problem that has become increasingly difficult to ignore: the concentration of power in the hands of party leaders, the weakening of Parliament as an institution of ...

Security and geopolitical crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Immagine
  T he celebration of 9 January as the  “ Day of Republika Srpska ”, despite rulings by the Constitutional Court of BiH declaring the holiday unconstitutional, represents an open violation of the constitutional order and serves as a tool of political mobilisation. The presence of uniformed forces, paramilitary symbols and foreign actors suggests that the event functions as a security and political spectacle rather than a cultural observance, intentionally raising tensions and provoking confrontation. Secessionist rhetoric can no longer be dismissed as a bluff; it is a real threat to stability, deepening social divisions, fuelling extremism and testing the limits of the international community’s tolerance. The promotion of secession ignores historical experience and obligations stemming from the Dayton Agreement , while the policies pursued by  Milorad Dodik  (SNSD) are leading to international isolation, growing security risks, increased Russian influence and the pot...